Excretory system of chicken (assignment)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background

           The excretory system is a biological system that removes excess of unnecessary materials from the body. Generally, the excretory system of organism have the function to eliminate the waste product of metabolism in the body like liquid, and gaseous wastes as urine, sweat, and exhalation. All of substances that discarded are toxic certainly like carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea, and water. However, only several organs are considered a part of excretory system that have ability to keep maintain excretion of the body.

  The excretory system on the body could discard the waste product, so that the body can reach homeostasis condition. Homeostasis makes stable the body internal environment including body temperature. If the excretory system being disturbed, homeostasis on the body will also be disturbed. Example dehydration will be made the body in heat stress condition on high temperature and the body cannot well produce the sweat or urine. So, the excretory system closed relationship with temperature in the body. In this paper, will be explained about excretory system of chicken and chicken’s body maintain of heat stress.

1.2 Problem

The problem in this paper is:

a.    What about excretory system of chicken?

b.    How the body of chicken can maintain the heat stress?

1.3 Results

a.    Excretory system of chicken

            As we know, the excretory system is divided into urinary system, lungs, liver, and skin. The urinary systems include kidney, nephron, and ureter. The main organ of the excretory system is kidney. Kidney structure consists of leather kidney (cortex), kidney spinal (medulla), and renal cavity (pelvis). In the skin there is millions of nephrons kidney that functions as a blood filter. Each nephron is composed of the Board of Malpighi and the channel length (tubules) that curled. Malpighi bodies compose by Hoop Bowman (Bowman capsule) in which there is Glomerolus. After the kidney produce urine from several process (filtration, reabsorption, and augmentation), urine passes from the kidney, through the ureter, then into the cloaca. In the cloaca, feces mixed with urine which call it manure and will be out of the body.

            The lungs are organs that are vital for chicken and other organism life, because without lungs chicken cannot live. In the System Excretion, lungs function to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). In the lungs the process of exchanged between oxygen and carbon dioxide gas. After liberating oxygen, red blood cells capture carbon dioxide as a result of metabolism of the body will be brought to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide and water vapor is released and expelled from the lungs through the nose.

            The liver is the one of important gland in the chicken. The liver has crimson color and divided into two lobes, the right and left. Toxic substances that enter the body will be filtered first in the liver before circulating throughout the body. The liver will be absorb toxic substances from residual of metabolism in the body. The liver excrete toxins along with sap bile.

            The entire surface of the body encased by a thin layer of what we often call the skin. The skin is chicken’s body defenses in the main because the lining of the body outside and in direct contact with the environment. When the body temperature rise or the air temperature in the environment is high, the blood vessels in the skin will dilate. This is causing more blood flow to the area. Because the base of the sweat glands associated with blood vessels, and there was absorption of water, salt, and a bit of urea by the sweat glands. Then, the water with the solution out of the pores which is the end of the sweat gland. The sweat that comes out carrying the body heat, so it is important to keep the body temperature remained normal.

b.   Chicken’s body maintain the heat stress

            Chicken has homeotermic property or body temperature is relatively stable in a 19-22ºC for layer and 18-22ºC for broiler. However, when aged 0-5 days, the chicken still cannot regulate his own body temperature. Chickens can only regulate their body temperature is optimal since the age of 2 weeks. Therefore, brooder role as heater is very important to maintain the cage temperature remains in the comfort zone of chicken. In addition of temperature, humidity (moisture in the air bound) is also noteworthy because the humidity will affect the perceived temperature of the chicken. This is due to the chicken’s body heat expenditure with panting. The higher the humidity, the effective temperature felt chicken also higher. In contrast, the chicken will feel colder temperatures than the environment temperature when the humidity is low.

            Cases of heat stress are more common in adult chickens because more produce heat, so much easier stress. We've mentioned before that the mechanism of heat expenditure in chickens is panting. This mechanism is usually a last resort chosen chicken. The chickens will expand the body surface area (expand/drape wings) and doing peripheral vasodilatation (increased peripheral blood flow, especially in the comb, wattles, and legs). When hot, feed consumption will be decreased while the water is increase, so sometimes watery feces occur and decreased productivity as consequence of unmet nutritional and metabolic disorders. Death is also frequently found, especially if panting is not able to decrease the body temperature optimally.

CHAPTER II

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

2.1  Conclusion

It can be concluded that:

a.    The excretory system in the chicken divided into urinary system, lungs, liver, and skin. Each organ have the own function, urinary system produce the urine and out of the body throughout cloaca together with feces, lungs produce carbon dioxide, liver produce toxin along sap bile, and skin produce sweat.

b.    The chicken’s body controlling heat stress with expand/drape wings and increase to drink the water.

2.2  Suggestion

The author suggests to avoid the heat stress of chickens with proper cage management. Avoid the distance between cage that are too narrow and the wall that are too thick, notice the volume of chickens in the cage that influence oxygen uptake by chicken, and applied open and close system of the cage to adjust the weather conditions.

REFERENCES

Jacob, J., Pescatore, T. and Austin, C. 2011. CHICKEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. www.ca.uky.edu. tanggal akses 18 September 2011.

Lin, H., Jiao, H. C., Buyse, J. and Decuypere, E. 2006. STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING HEAT STRESS IN POULTRY. World’s Poultry Science Journal 62(2):71-86.

Shakya, R., etc. 2005. THE ROLE OF GDNF IN PATTERNING THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Developmental Biology 283(1):70-84.